Fatores de risco consequentes a complicações no pósoperatório da mastoplastia de aumento primária com implantes de silicone: Estudo retrospectivo / Risk factors resulting from complications in the postoperative period of primary breast augmentation with silicone implants: Retrospective study

Introdução: A mamoplastia de aumento é uma das cirurgias plásticas mais realizadas no mundo. Tendo em vista sua alta aplicabilidade, é fundamental conhecer os fatores de risco relacionados à incidência de complicações pós-operatórias a fim de reduzilas nesse tipo de procedimento. Método: Este estudo é retrospectivo feito por meio da análise dos prontuários de 76 pacientes que realizaram mamoplastia de aumento primária com implantes de silicone durante os meses de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2020. Resultados: Observou-se que a presença de comorbidades aumentou a incidência de complicações pós-operatórias precoces (p<0,001), mas não de complicações pósoperatórias tardias (p=0,8). O maior tempo cirúrgico também aumentou a incidência de complicações pós-operatórias (p=0,005). Conclusão: A presença de comorbidades influencia diretamente na incidência de complicações pós-operatórias da mastoplastia de aumento e por esta razão deve-se realizar uma adequada compensação pré-operatória antes de submeter as pacientes a este procedimento cirúrgico.

Introduction: Breast augmentation is one of the most performed plastic surgeries in the world. Given its high applicability, it is essential to know the risk factors related to the incidence of postoperative complications to reduce them in this type of procedure. Method: This retrospective study analyzed the medical records of 76 patients who underwent primary breast augmentation with silicone implants from January 2018 to December 2020. Results: It was observed that the presence of comorbidities increased the incidence of early postoperative complications (p<0.001) but not of late postoperative complications (p=0.8). Longer surgical time also increased the incidence of postoperative complications (p=0.005). Conclusion: The presence of comorbidities directly influences the incidence of postoperative complications after breast augmentation, and for this reason, adequate preoperative compensation must be carried out before submitting patients to this surgical procedure.

Increase in the volume of the breast implant by passing organic material into it / Aumento do volume do implante mamário por passagem de material orgânico para seu interior

Introduction: The search for an anatomical substitute for the breast, for the purpose of correcting aesthetic problems has a long history of failure until the arrival of silicone. Since the beginning of its use, in the 1960s, many complications have appeared, such as infection, rejection, rupture, in addition to silicone leakage. We did not find in the literature, however, any report on the passage of materials from the human organism to the interior of implants. The objective is to identification by infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) and clinical analysis, reporting the passage of organic substances into breast implants without any violation of their capsule. Methods: 1500 pairs of breast implants were analyzed, surgically removed from 1998 to 2018. Of which six were included in the study. Results: Three materials were analyzed showing macroscopic changes in their interior, without violating the capsule. A second sample was performed on a similar implant, but without use. The third material was a sample of fatty breast tissue removed from the patient during the surgery. Materials compatible with fat, animal protein and hemoglobin were found inside the implant. Conclusions: The change evidenced in the material inside the two implants indicates the occurrence of the passage of organic materials through an intact capsule.

Introdução: A busca de um substituto anatômico para a mama, para fins de correção de problemas estéticos, tem longa história de insucessos até a chegada do silicone. Desde o início de seu uso, na década de 1960, muitas complicações surgiram, como infecção, rejeição, rotura, além do extravasamento de silicone. Não encontramos na literatura, porém, relato algum sobre a passagem de materiais do organismo humano para o interior de implantes. O objetivo é a identificação por espectrofotometria de infravermelho (FTIR) e análise clínica, relatando a passagem de substâncias orgânicas para o interior de implantes mamários sem que os mesmos apresentem violação qualquer de sua cápsula. Método: Foram analisados 1500 pares de implantes mamários, removidos cirurgicamente no período de 1998 a 2018. Destes, seis foram encaminhados incluídos no estudo. Resultados: Foram analisados três materiais apresentando alterações macroscópicas em seu interior, sem que houvesse violação da cápsula. Uma segunda amostra foi realizada em implante semelhante, porém sem uso. O terceiro material foi uma amostra de tecido gorduroso mamário removido da própria paciente durante o ato cirúrgico. Foram encontrados materiais compatíveis com gordura, proteína animal e hemoglobina no interior do implante. Conclusões: A alteração evidenciada no material do interior dos dois implantes nos indica a ocorrência de passagem de materiais orgânicos através de cápsula intacta.

Avaliação dos dados contidos nas requisições do exame anatomopatológico da mama na cirurgia de troca ou explante de implantes mamários de silicone: análise de 251 casos / Evaluation of the data contained in the requests for the anatomopathological examination of the breast in the surgery of exchange or explantation of silicone breast implants: analysis of 251 cases

Introdução: A descrição do linfoma anaplásico de células T e o recente aumento das cirurgias de explante resultou na elevação do número de exames anatomopatológicos nas cirurgias de retirada de implantes mamários de silicone. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a qualidade e quantidade de dados contidos na requisição do exame histopatológico. Métodos: Foram estudados 251 casos. Os seguintes dados foram analisados: sexo, idade, localização anatômica e espacial, lateralidade, história clínica, sinais e sintomas, quimioterapia e radioterapia prévia, hipótese diagnóstica, cirurgias prévias, tipo e marca do implante, exames de imagem prévios e número e características dos espécimes enviados. Resultados: A idade média foi de 43 anos. A lateralidade não foi mencionada em 16 (0,84%). A localização anatômica foi citada em 15 casos. O tipo de cirurgia foi mencionado por 40 (15,94%). O número de contêineres variou de 1 a 5, com mediana de 2. A cápsula foi enviada em 242 casos, em 161 de forma isolada, tecido mamário em conjunto com cápsula em 27, tecido mamário e cápsula em contêineres diferentes em 54 casos. A história clínica foi incluída em 19,12%, sinais e sintomas em 13,94%, em que a contratura foi o único termo inserido em 64. Em 27 requisições foi citado linfoma. Em 15 pacientes a presença de seroma foi referida e destes nove foram enviados. O tipo e marca do implante não foi citado. Conclusão: Os dados são escassos. Recomenda-se a criação de protocolos na retirada da cápsula e tecido adjacente, incluindo a orientação anatômica e espacial.

Introduction: The description of the Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma and the explantation surgery resulted in an increase of histopathological exams in breast implant removing surgery. Methods: 251 pathology requests were studied. The following data from the medical requests were analyzed: gender, age, type of surgery, number of specimens containers sent, laterality, anatomical and spatial location, clinical history, signs and symptoms, previous radiotherapy, previous chemotherapy, diagnostic hypothesis, previous surgeries, and reference to previous breast exams. Results: The mean age was 43 years old. Laterality was not mentioned in 16 requests. The surgery performed was mentioned in 15.94% requests. The number of containers varies from 1 to 5, with a median of 2. The containers include capsules in 242 cases, 161 as isolated capsule, 27 mammary tissue, and capsule in the same specimen, 54 mammary tissues sent in a separate container, anatomical and spatial location was mentioned in 6.33% cases. The detailed clinical data was included in 19.12%, signs and symptoms 13.94%, contracture as the only item mention in 64 of them. In 27 requests, lymphoma evaluation was requested. 15 included seroma and from nine of those, liquid was sent with a request for immunohistochemical and cytology analysis. None of the requests had any data on implant type or brand. Conclusion: The amount of information contained in the medical request forms is minimal. The authors recommend the need for a protocol to standardize the surgical removal of the capsule and the adjacent mammary tissue. Surgical specimens should be spatially oriented.

Explante de prótese mamária de silicone: reconstrução da mama pela técnica dos retalhos cruzados / Silicone breast prosthesis explant: breast reconstruction using the crossed flap technique

Introdução: Em 1963 Cronin e Gerow introduziram o uso do implante de silicone e seu uso aumentou exponencialmente. Contudo, complicações relacionadas aos implantes surgiram ao longo do tempo. O conjunto de situações adversas ao uso dos implantes de silicone, alimentado pelo crescimento das mídias sociais, culminou em um aumento da retirada definitiva do implante. Muitos casos de explante têm o pedículo inferior comprometido pela lesão dos vasos perfurantes e a técnica dos retalhos cruzados é uma alternativa para a reconstrução das mamas explantadas. Métodos: Foram realizados explantes de silicone com reconstrução imediata da mama sem o uso de um novo implante, motivados por indicação médica ou por desejo próprio do paciente. A técnica dos retalhos cruzados foi utilizada em todos os casos. Ela se vale do cruzamento de retalhos parenquimatosos de pedículo superior, um medial e outro lateral, conforme descrito por Sperli. Resultados: Foram operados 10 casos de 2004 a 2021. O tempo de uso das próteses variou de 3 a 19 anos e a principal motivação para o explante foi contratura capsular. Nenhum caso de necrose foi observado. Conclusões: A técnica dos retalhos cruzados é uma alternativa útil e segura para as cirurgias de reconstrução da mama após explante definitivo.

Introduction: In 1963 Cronin and Gerow introduced the use of the silicone implant and its use increased exponentially. However, complications related to implants emerged over time. The set of adverse situations to the use of silicone implants fueled by the growth of social media culminated in an increase in the permanent removal of the implant. Many cases of explants have the inferior pedicle compromised by injury to the perforating vessels, and the crossed flap technique is an alternative for the reconstruction of explanted breasts. Methods: Silicone explants were performed with immediate breast reconstruction without the use of a new implant, motivated by medical indication or the patients own desire. The crossed flap technique was used in all cases. It uses the crossing of parenchymal patches of the superior pedicle, one medial and one lateral, as described by Sperli. Results: 10 cases were operated from 2004 to 2021. The time of use of the prostheses ranged from 3 to 19 years and the main motivation for the explant was capsular contracture. No cases of necrosis were observed. Conclusions: The crossed flap technique is a useful and safe alternative for breast reconstruction surgeries after definitive explantation.

Plano intramuscular para mamoplastia de aumento com implante de silicone / Intramuscular plane for breast augmentation with a silicone implant

Introdução: O aumento mamário é um procedimento estético frequente na cirurgia plástica, o plano ideal ainda não foi encontrado. Cada loja tem sua indicação, suas vantagens e desvantagens. A técnica da loja intramuscular foi inicialmente descrita para uso em cirurgias de aumento dos glúteos com implantes de silicone, e mais tarde sua segurança foi reforçada com a utilização do método XYZ. O estudo tem a finalidade de apresentar a utilização da técnica intramuscular na mamoplastia de aumento com implante de silicone. Métodos: Este estudo descreve em detalhes a técnica da loja intramuscular na mamoplastia de aumento com implante de silicone, utilizada em 50 pacientes do sexo feminino. Resultados: A técnica intramuscular propicia uma boa definição de contorno estético nos quadrantes mediais das mamas. Tivemos um caso de seroma no pós-operatório, causado por erro técnico na separação dos fascículos. Conclusão: A técnica é segura e apresenta baixa incidência de complicações.

Introduction: Breast augmentation is a frequent aesthetic procedure in plastic surgery; the ideal plane has not yet been found. Each pocket has its indication, its advantages, and disadvantages. The intramuscular pocket technique was initially described for use in buttock augmentation surgeries with silicone implants, and later its safety was reinforced with the use of the XYZ method. This study aims to present the use of the intramuscular technique in breast augmentation with a silicone implant. Methods: This study describes the intramuscular pocket technique in breast augmentation with a silicone implant used in 50 female patients. Results: The intramuscular technique provides a good definition of aesthetic contour in the medial quadrants of the breasts. We had a case of seroma in the postoperative period caused by a technical error in separating the fascicles. Conclusion: The technique is safe and has a low incidence of complications.

Intraoperative Assessment of Endogenous Microbiota in the Breast / Avaliação intraoperatória da microbiota endógena da mama

Abstract Objective: Breast surgery is considered a clean surgery; however, the rates of infection range between 3 and 15%. The objective of the present study was to intraoperatively investigate the presence of autochthonous microbiota in the breast. Methods: Pieces of breast tissue collected from 49 patients who underwent elective breast surgery (reconstructive, diagnostic, or oncologic) were cultured. The pieces of breast tissue were approximately 1 cm in diameter and were removed from the retroareolar area, medial quadrant, and lateral quadrant. Each piece of tissue was incubated in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth for 7 days at 37°C, and in cases in which the medium became turbid due to microorganism growth, the samples were placed in Petri dishes for culturing and isolating strains and for identifying species using an automated counter. Results: Microorganism growth was observed in the samples of 10 of the 49 patients (20.4%) and in 11 of the 218 pieces of tissue (5%). The detected species were Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and Aeromonas salmonicida. No patient with positive samples had clinical infection postoperatively. Conclusion: The presence of these bacteria in breast tissue in approximately 20% of the patients in this series suggests that breast surgery should be considered a potential source of contamination that may have implications for adverse reactions to breast implants and should be studied in the near future for their oncological implications in breast implant-associated large-cell lymphoma etiology.

Resumo Objetivo: A cirurgia de mama é considerada uma cirurgia limpa; entretanto, as taxas de infecção variam entre 3 e 15%. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar no intraoperatório a presença de microbiota autóctone na mama. Métodos: Pedaços de tecido mamário coletados de 49 pacientes submetidas à cirurgia eletiva da mama (reconstrutiva, diagnóstica ou oncológica) foram cultivados. Os pedaços de tecido mamário tinham aproximadamente 1 cm de diâmetro e foram removidos da área retroareolar e dos quadrantes medial e lateral. Cada pedaço de tecido foi incubado em caldo BHI (brain heart infusion) por 7 dias a 37 ° C, e nos casos em que o meio ficou turvo devido ao crescimento de microrganismos, as amostras foram colocadas em placas de Petri para cultivo e isolamento de cepas e para identificação de espécies usando um contador automatizado. Resultados: O crescimento do microrganismo foi observado nas amostras de 10 das 49 pacientes (20,4%) e em 11 dos 218 pedaços de tecido (5%). As espécies detectadas foram Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Sphingomonas paucimobilis e Aeromonas salmonicida. Nenhum paciente com amostras positivas apresentou infecção clínica no pós-operatório. Conclusão: A presença dessas bactérias no tecido mamário em aproximadamente 20% das pacientes desta série sugere que a cirurgia mamária deve ser considerada uma fonte potencial de contaminação que pode ter implicações nas reações adversas aos implantes mamários e deve ser estudada em um futuro próximo por suas implicações oncológicas na etiologia do linfoma de células grandes associado ao implante de mama.

Efeito do tratamento com antileucotrieno em contratura capsular: estudo experimental / Effect of antileukotriene treatment on capsular contracture: an experimental study

RESUMO Introdução: 40% dos pacientes submetidos à radioterapia após reconstrução de mama por implante de prótese de silicone podem desenvolver encapsulamento da prótese. Diversas estratégias já foram testadas para prevenir a contratura da cápsula com resultados insatisfatórios. Este estudo analisou o efeito do antileucotrieno (AL) tópico na formação de contratura capsular em ratos com implantes de silicone associados à irradiação. Métodos: Foram implantados blocos de silicone na região dorsal em 20 ratas fêmeas, espécie Wistar com peso variando de 200-250g. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: controle (injeção de solução fisiológica 0,9% no tecido ao redor do implante) e grupo intervenção (injeção de 10mg de AL no tecido ao redor do implante). Imediatamente após a cirurgia os animais foram irradiados com dose única de 10Gy. Após dois meses, coletamos amostras de cápsulas para análise histológica e análise da expressão gênica dos seguintes biomarcadores: iNOS, VEGF-a e MMP-9. Resultados: A densidade vascular foi menor no grupo AL quando comparado ao grupo controle (55,4±30,0 vs. 81,8±26,7, p=0,05, respectivamente). Da mesma forma, o VEGF-a teve o mesmo comportamento (grupo controle - 0,34±0,1 vs. grupo Al - 0,02±0,001, p=0,04). Conclusão: Este estudo sugeriu que o tratamento com AL diminui a angiogênese em animais submetidos a implantes de silicone e submetidos à radioterapia

ABSTRACT Introduction: 40% of patients undergoing radiotherapy after breast reconstruction by silicone prosthesis implant may develop prosthesis encapsulation. Several strategies have already been tested to prevent capsule contracture with unsatisfactory results. This study analyzed the effect of topical antileukotriene (AL) on capsular contracture formation in rats with silicone implants associated with irradiation. Methods: Silicone blocks were implanted in the dorsal region in 20 female rats Wistar with weights ranging from 200-250g. The animals were divided into two groups: control (injection of 0.9% saline solution into the tissue around the implant) and intervention group (injection of 10mg of AL into the tissue around the implant). Immediately after surgery, the animals were irradiated with a single dose of 10Gy. After two months, we collected capsule samples for histological analysis and gene expression analysis of the following biomarkers: iNOS, VEGF-a and MMP-9. Results: Vascular density was lower in the AL group when compared to the control group (55.4±30.0 vs. 81.8±26.7, p=0.05, respectively). Similarly, VEGF-a had the same behavior (control group - 0.34±0.1 vs. group Al - 0.02±0.001, p=0.04). Conclusion: This study suggested that treatment with AL decreases angiogenesis in animals submitted to silicone implants and underwent radiotherapy.

Desconforto mamário após mamoplastia de aumento: relato de caso / Breast discomfort after augmentation mammoplasty: a case report

RESUMO A mamoplastia com próteses é uma das cirurgias plásticas mais realizadas no mundo. O processo cicatricial ao redor do implante e a presença de um biofilme pode acarretar o desenvolvimento de patologias como contratura capsular e seroma. Essas patologias parecem estar relacionadas fisiopatologicamente com o desenvolvimento do linfoma associado aos implantes mamários (BIA-ALCL), sendo este também um diagnóstico diferencial. A proposta deste trabalho é relatar o caso de uma paciente com desconforto mamário, que após 2 cirurgias prévias para drenagem de seroma e troca de próteses, apresentava desconforto mamário e alteração em exames de imagens da mama esquerda. Sendo submetida a uma capsulectomia em bloco da mama esquerda e completa à direita, tendo suas próteses substituídas. Os exames para investigação de BIA-ALCL foram negativos e os achados patológicos foram sugestivos de contratura capsular à esquerda e formação de dupla cápsula à direita. O trabalho enfatiza a importância do diagnóstico diferencial em patologias mamárias, o acompanhamento a longo prazo e medidas de profilaxia na formação do biofilme.

Abstract Mammoplasty with prostheses is one of the most performed plastic surgeries in the world. However, the healing process around the implant and the presence of a biofilm can lead to the development of pathologies such as capsular contracture and seroma. These pathologies seem to be physiologically related to the development of lymphoma associated with breast implants (BIA-ALCL), which is also a differential diagnosis. The purpose of this study is to report the case of a patient with breast discomfort who, after two previous surgeries for seroma drainage and prosthesis replacement, presented breast discomfort and alteration in imaging of the left breast. She was, submitted to a capsulectomy in a block of the left breast and complete on the right, having her prostheses replaced. Bia-ALCL investigation tests were negative and pathological findings were suggestive of left capsular contracture and double capsule formation on the right. The study emphasizes the importance of differential diagnosis in mammary pathologies, long-term follow-up, and prophylaxis measures in biofilm formation.

Rate of capsular contracture among different breast implants in the last two decades: a meta-analysis / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:To study the rate of capsule contracture after operation of the textured surfaces breast implants and the smooth surfaces breast implants, to provide evidence for plastic surgeons to select the type of breast implants during breast augmentation.Methods:This study started from January 2018 to May 2019. Chinese and English databases including Wanfang Science and Technology Periodical Full-text Database, VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Full-text Database (VIP) and CNKI, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Science Drirect Online were searched by computer. Some relevant studies were collected for this meta-analysis.Results:We identified 9 studies including a total of 13165 subjects for the meta-analysis. The OR value of the study was 0.43 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.51), and the incidence rate of capsule contracture in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group. In cumulative meta-analysis and sensitivity test, the conclusion was stable. And there was no publication bias found by Egger regression test. Conclusions:The textured surfaces breast implants are better than the smooth surfaces breast implants in terms of incidence rate of capsule contracture after augmentation mammoplasty.

Mamoplastia secundária com ressecção em monobloco e neoposicionamento do implante no espaço retropeitoral parcial / Secondary mammaplasty with monobloc resection and implant repositioning in the partial retropectoral pocket

Introdução: As cirurgias de aumento de mamas com implantes de silicone estão entre os procedimentos de cirurgia plástica mais realizados. O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar os casos de pacientes com prótese de silicone, submetidas à mamoplastia secundária, apresentando uma alternativa de abordagem com ressecção em monobloco do tecido mamário, cápsula fibrosa e prótese de silicone; e o neoposicionamento do implante em loja retromuscular peitoral parcial. Métodos: Foram analisados 24 casos de mamoplastia secundária com neoposicionamento da prótese, apresentando os motivos da indicação da cirurgia e o detalhamento da abordagem cirúrgica para maior facilidade na execução do procedimento e a obtenção de resultados mais satisfatórios. Resultados: Todos os casos operados apresentavam alterações no exame físico das mamas, como: ptose mamária contratura capsular, posicionamento inadequado dos implantes e assimetrias mamárias. Nos casos estudados, as próteses com revestimento de poliuretano e sua completa adesão à cápsula fibrosa permitiram a ressecção mais prática, mesmo com variáveis graus de contratura capsular. As cápsulas fibrosas que envolviam implantes texturizados tinham características mais finas e a instabilidade das próteses, pela presença de seroma residual ou pelo excessivo tamanho da loja da prótese, desencadearam maior dificuldade na ressecção. Conclusão: A realização de mamoplastia secundária com troca de prótese, empregando a ressecção em monobloco e neoposicionamento do implante no espaço retromuscular peitoral parcial com suturas do músculo ao tecido mamário, oferece uma alternativa para otimizar o procedimento, maior estabilidade do músculo até completa cicatrização e a formação de nova cápsula fibrosa.

Introduction: Breast augmentation with silicone implants is one of the most common plastic surgery procedures. The objective of this study was to evaluate patients with previous silicone implantations undergoing secondary mammaplasty, presenting an alternative approach with en block resection of breast tissue, fibrous capsule, and silicone implant, followed by implant repositioning in the partial retropectoral pocket. Methods: This study included 24 cases of secondary mammaplasty with implant repositioning. It presents the indications for surgery and details the surgical approach for easier procedures and more satisfactory results. Results: All the included cases presented breast changes on physical examination, such as breast ptosis, capsular contracture, improper implant position, and breast asymmetry. In the studied cases, the use of polyurethane-coated implants and their complete adherence to the fibrous capsule resulted in a more practical resection even with varying degrees of capsular contracture. Fibrous capsules of textured implants were thinner, and implant instability due to the presence of residual seroma or pockets bigger than necessary resulted in more difficult resection. Conclusion: Secondary mammaplasty with en bloc resection, along with implant replacement and repositioning in the partial retropectoral pocket with sutures involving muscle and breast tissue is an alternative to optimize the procedure, providing greater muscle stability until complete healing and new fibrous capsule formation.

Perfil da cirurgia de aumento de mama no Brasil / Profile of breast augmentation surgery in Brazil

Introdução: A última pesquisa da Sociedade Internacional de Cirurgia Estética (ISAPS) mostrou que 2.524.115 cirurgias plásticas foram realizadas no Brasil em 2017. O aumento de mama tem sido um dos procedimentos plásticos mais comumente realizados no Brasil, totalizando mais de 200.000 cirurgias no ano de 2016. O objetivo é avaliar as práticas e tendências atuais em aumento de mama no Brasil. Métodos: Um questionário de 31 itens foi construído e enviado para 6.200 membros ativos da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica (SBCP). A pesquisa abordou algumas tendências atuais e práticas controversas considerando cinco áreas: controvérsias atuais, novas tecnologias, implantes mamários, considerações técnicas em procedimentos secundários e aspectos demográficos. O questionário foi desenhado para delinear o perfil das práticas, procedimentos e crenças entre os cirurgiões plásticos sobre o uso dos implantes mamários no Brasil. Resultados: Foram coletadas 505 respostas, representando uma taxa de resposta em torno de 10%, bem acima da taxa média de resposta de um questionário da SBCP. Os resultados foram distribuídos em 5 tabelas de acordo com as áreas de interesse. Conclusão: Nesta pesquisa, as práticas mais comuns incluíram o uso de implantes redondos de microtextura e silicone revestido com poliuretano no procedimento primário, poket subglandular, incisões inframamárias, dimensionamento pré-operatório com amostras de implante redondas, antibióticos intravenosos e orais, irrigação com duplo antibiótico, implante faixa de tamanho geralmente menos 325cc e sem drenagem. Não há consenso sobre a lipotransferência mamária e o manejo da contratura capsular e da deformidade da bolha dupla.

Introduction: The latest research by the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS) showed that 2,524,115 plastic surgeries were performed in Brazil in 2017. Breast augmentation has been one of the most commonly-performed plastic procedures in Brazil, totaling more than 200,000 surgeries in 2016. The objective is to evaluate the current practices and trends in breast augmentation in Brazil. Methods: A 31- item questionnaire was constructed and sent to 6,200 active members of the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery (SBCP). The research addressed some current trends and controversial practices in five areas: current controversies, new technologies, breast implants, technical considerations in secondary procedures, and demographic aspects. The questionnaire was designed to profile practices, procedures, and beliefs among plastic surgeons regarding the use of breast implants in Brazil. Results: A total of 505 responses were collected, representing a response rate around 10%, which is well above the average response rate for Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery (SBCP) questionnaires. The results were distributed in five tables by area of interest. Conclusion: In this study, the most common practices included the use of microtexture round implants and polyurethane-coated silicone as the primary procedure, a subglandular pocket, inframammary incisions, preoperative sizing with round implant samples, intravenous and oral antibiotics, double irrigation antibiotics, an implant size that was generally less than 325 cc, and without drainage. There is no consensus on breast lip balancing and the management of capsular contracture and double bubble deformity.

Implante submuscular em duplo bolso para mastopexias de aumento / Submuscular implant in double pocket for augmentation mastopexy

Introdução: A utilização de implantes mamários vem aumentando. O posicionamento do implante na literatura é relatado como subglandular, subfascial, submuscular total e parcial, cada qual com suas indicações, limitações e complicações. Métodos: Este trabalho mostra uma manobra para cobertura do implante e sua sustentação utilizando dois retalhos musculares. Entre novembro de 2009 e abril de 2012, foram analisados 80 casos de pacientes submetidas à inclusão de implantes em posição submuscular em duplo bolso, independentemente da via de acesso, do grau de flacidez e ptose. Resultados: A versatilidade desta manobra permite que seja utilizada em uma ampla variedade de mamas, desde aumento sem flacidez a mamopexia com implante, podendo ser realizada por via periareolar, inframamária ou aberta. Foi utilizada em cirurgias primárias e secundárias, com ou sem uso de retalho de tecido mamário e retirada de pele. Conclusões: A cobertura do implante com o músculo peitoral pela técnica de duplo bolso demonstrou ótimos resultados, com baixo índice de complicações e reintervenções. Esta técnica está sendo utilizada em uma maior casuística e um seguimento mais longo tem sido feito para confirmar os resultados obtidos até o momento.

Introduction: The use of implants is steadily increasing. Reports have been published of implants in the subglandular, subfascial, total, and partial submuscular positions each with its indications, limitations, and complications. Methods: This study presents a technique to cover the implant and support it using two muscle flaps. Between November 2009 and April 2012, 80 patients who submitted to inclusion of implants in the submuscular position in double pocket were analyzed, regardless of the access route, the degree of flaccidity, and ptosis. Results: The versatility of this maneuver allows it to be used in a wide variety of breasts, from breast augmentation without flaccidity to mastopexy with implant, and may be carried out via the periareolar, inframammary, or open access routes. It was used in primary and secondary surgeries, with or without the use of breast tissue flap and removal of skin. Conclusions: The coverage of the implant with the pectoral muscle by the double pocket technique displayed excellent results, with a low rate of complications and reinterventions. This technique is being studied in a larger sample with a longer follow-up to confirm the results obtained so far.

Changes of macrophages phenotype markers in fibrous capsules around silicone implants / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To study the temporal distribution of macrophage and its phenotype markers in fibrous capsules around silicone implants.Methods Thirty rats were randomly divided into five groups:days 1,3,7,14 and 35.Silicone prostheses (10 ml) were implanted subcutaneously into backs of rats.On each indicated day,the tissue specimens were collected,fixed in 4％ paraformaldehyde for 24 hours and embedded in paraffin.Immunofluorescence was used to detect temporal distribution of M1/M2 macrophages.Results The number of CD68+ macrophages at day 1 (65.8±12.9) was smaller than that at day 3 (102.8±14.5,P＜0.05) and day 7 (116.8±14.2,P＜0.05);and the number of CD68+ macrophages at day 7 was larger than that at day 14 (56.8±12.9,P＜0.05) and day 35 (21.40±6.35,P＜0.05);the proportion of iNOS+ CD68+ M1 cells at day 1 and day 3 was 0.48±0.13,0.60±0.13,respectively,and they were higher than that at day 7 (0.21±0.03,P＜0.05),day 14 (0.21±0.03,P＜0.05) and day 35 (0.17±0.04,P＜0.05);the proportions of CD206+ CD68+ M2 cells at day 1,day 3,day 7,day 14,day 35 were 0.70±0.06,0.60±0.07,0.70±0.08,0.67±0.02 and 0.60±0.06,respectively.Conclusions After the implantation of silicone prostheses,M1 cells increase in early stages and M2 cells maintain in high level throughout the experiment period.

Treatment of Capsular Contracture after Breast Augmentation with Serial Fat Grafting and Implantation

BACKGROUND: Capsular contracture is the most common complication after breast augmentation using implants. In case of severe capsular contracture, surgical correction is inevitable. We introduce a treatment for severe capsular contracture with serial fat grafting before augmentation using implants. METHODS: In severe cases of capsular contracture, we removed the implants and performed partial capsulectomy. We harvested fat from the flanks or thighs using liposuction. The first fat graft was performed in the subdermal, subcutaneous, and subglandular layers of the breast. The harvested fat was frozen and stored. One month after implant removal and the first graft, a second fat graft was performed. One month later, a third fat graft was performed. Six months after implant removal, we augmented the breasts with implants. RESULTS: The cases of severe breast contracture were treated without any complications. The volume and contour of the breasts were satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: After implant removal in cases of severe capsular contracture, breast augmentation may be needed. Serial fat grafting before augmentation using implants prevents scarring of the breast envelope and provides sufficient volume with a secure breast envelope.

Contracted Nose after Silicone Implantation: A New Classification System and Treatment Algorithm

BACKGROUND: Silicone implants are frequently used in augmentation rhinoplasty in Asians. A common complication of silicone augmentation rhinoplasty is capsular contracture. This is similar to the capsular contracture after augmentation mammoplasty, but a classification for secondary contracture after augmentation rhinoplasty with silicone implants has not yet been established, and treatment algorithms by grade or severity have yet to be developed. METHODS: Photographs of 695 patients who underwent augmentation rhinoplasty with a silicone implant from May 2001 to May 2015 were analyzed. The mean observation period was 11.4 months. Of the patients, 81 were male and 614 were female, with a mean age of 35.9 years. Grades were assigned according to postoperative appearance. Grade I was a natural appearance, as if an implant had not been inserted. Grade II was an unnatural lateral margin of the implant. Clearly identifiable implant deviation was classified as grade III, and short nose deformation was grade IV. RESULTS: Grade I outcomes were found in 498 patients (71.7%), grade II outcomes in 101 (14.5%), grade III outcomes in 75 (10.8%), and grade IV outcomes in 21 patients (3.0%). Revision surgery was indicated for the 13.8% of all patients who had grade III or IV outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to clinically classify the deformations due to secondary contracture after surgery and to establish treatment algorithms to improve scientific communication among rhinoplasty surgeons. In this study, we suggest guidelines for the clinical classification of secondary capsular contracture after augmentation rhinoplasty, and also propose a treatment algorithm.

Histological evaluation of capsules formed by silicon implants coated with polyurethane foam and with a textured surface in rats

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To assess the capsules formed by silicone implants coated with polyurethane foam and with a textured surface. METHODS: Sixty-four Wistar albinus rats were divided into two groups of 32 each using polyurethane foam and textured surface. The capsules around the implants were analyzed for 30, 50, 70 and 90 days. Were analyzed the following parameters: foreign body reaction, granulation tissue, presence of myofibroblasts, neoangiogenesis, presence of synovial metaplasia, capsular thickness, total area and collagen percentage of type I and III, in capsules formed around silicone implants in both groups. RESULTS: The foreign body reaction was only present in the four polyurethane subgroups. The formation of granulation tissue and the presence of myofibroblasts were higher in the four polyurethane subgroups. Regarding to neoangiogenesis and synovial metaplasia, there was no statistical difference between the groups. Polyurethane group presented (all subgroups) a greater capsule thickness, a smaller total area and collagen percentage of type I and a higher percentage area of type III, with statistical difference. CONCLUSION: The use of polyurethane-coated implants should be stimulated by the long-term results in a more stable capsule and a lower incidence of capsular contracture, despite developing a more intense and delayed inflammatory reaction in relation to implants with textured surface.

Implantes mamarios, eventos adversos y complicaciones poco frecuentes: hallazgos por mamografía, ecografía y resonancia magnética / Breast Implants, Adverse Events and Rare Complications: Findings by Mammography, US and MR Imaging

Introducción: En la actualidad, la mamoplastia de aumento con implantes es un procedimiento cada vez más común, con fines exclusivamente cosméticos o reconstructivos después de una mastectomía. Existen complicaciones locales ampliamente conocidas, como la ruptura y contracturas capsulares, pero también se le han atribuido otras complicaciones menos frecuentes, como el linfoma anaplásico y el síndrome autoinmune/inflamatorio inducido por adyuvantes (ASIA). Objetivo: Revisar las características por imagen de las complicaciones frecuentes e infrecuentes asociadas al aumento mamario con prótesis. Metodología: Recolección retrospectiva de casos con complicaciones relacionadas con implantes mamarios; revisión y edición de las diferentes modalidades de imágenes en pacientes de la clínica Fundación Valle del Lili de Cali durante los dos últimos años. Resultados: Es frecuente encontrar cambios postquirúrgicos por mamoplastia de aumento con implantes. Aunque la mamografía tiene un papel limitado en la valoración de las complicaciones del implante, continúa siendo la herramienta de tamizaje de cáncer en la mama aumentada. La ecografía es un instrumento muy útil y costo-efectivo en la evaluación de los implantes. La RM con secuencias de silicona es la modalidad con más alta sensibilidad y especificidad si se quiere valorar la integridad del implante y el tejido mamario en su conjunto.

Introduction: At present, breast augmentation with implants is an increasingly common procedure, be it solely for cosmetic reasons or for reconstructive purposes after mastectomy. There are widely known local complications associated with this intervention, such as implant rupture and encapsulation, but there are other less common complications too, such as anaplastic lymphoma and autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA). Objective: To review the imaging characteristics of frequent and infrequent complications associated with breast augmentation with implants. Methodology: Cases of different complications were retrospectively collected, in order to review mammography, ultrasound, CT and MRI images of patients with such complications at the Fundación Valle del Lili Clinic (Cali, Colombia) over the past two years. Conclusions: It is common to find post-surgical changes due to breast augmentation with implants. The study concludes that although mammography has a limited role in the assessment of implant complications, it remains the main screening tool for cancer in augmented breasts. Ultrasound is a very useful and cost-effective tool in evaluating implants. MRI with silicone sequences has the highest sensitivity and specificity when assessing the integrity of the implant and breast tissue as a whole. Key words (MeSH) Breast implants Implant capsular contracture Seroma Adjuvants, immunologic

Simvastatin Reduces Capsular Fibrosis around Silicone Implants

Capsular fibrosis and contracture occurs in most breast reconstruction patients who undergo radiotherapy, and there is no definitive solution for its prevention. Simvastatin was effective at reducing fibrosis in various models. Peri-implant capsular formation is the result of tissue fibrosis development in irradiated breasts. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of simvastatin on peri-implant fibrosis in rats. Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to an experimental group (9 rats, 18 implants) or a control group (9 rats, 18 implants). Two hemispherical silicone implants, 10 mm in diameter, were inserted in subpanniculus pockets in each rat. The next day, 10-Gy of radiation from a clinical accelerator was targeted at the implants. Simvastatin (15 mg/kg/day) was administered by oral gavage in the experimental group, while animals in the control group received water. At 12 weeks post-implantation, peri-implant capsules were harvested and examined histologically and by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The average capsular thickness was 371.2 μm in the simvastatin group and 491.2 μm in the control group. The fibrosis ratio was significantly different, with 32.33% in the simvastatin group and 58.44% in the control group (P < 0.001). Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 gene expression decreased significantly in the simvastatin group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). This study shows that simvastatin reduces radiation-induced capsular fibrosis around silicone implants in rats. This finding offers an alternative therapeutic strategy for reducing capsular fibrosis and contracture after implant-based breast reconstruction.

Simvastatin Reduces Capsular Fibrosis around Silicone Implants

Capsular fibrosis and contracture occurs in most breast reconstruction patients who undergo radiotherapy, and there is no definitive solution for its prevention. Simvastatin was effective at reducing fibrosis in various models. Peri-implant capsular formation is the result of tissue fibrosis development in irradiated breasts. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of simvastatin on peri-implant fibrosis in rats. Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to an experimental group (9 rats, 18 implants) or a control group (9 rats, 18 implants). Two hemispherical silicone implants, 10 mm in diameter, were inserted in subpanniculus pockets in each rat. The next day, 10-Gy of radiation from a clinical accelerator was targeted at the implants. Simvastatin (15 mg/kg/day) was administered by oral gavage in the experimental group, while animals in the control group received water. At 12 weeks post-implantation, peri-implant capsules were harvested and examined histologically and by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The average capsular thickness was 371.2 μm in the simvastatin group and 491.2 μm in the control group. The fibrosis ratio was significantly different, with 32.33% in the simvastatin group and 58.44% in the control group (P < 0.001). Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 gene expression decreased significantly in the simvastatin group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). This study shows that simvastatin reduces radiation-induced capsular fibrosis around silicone implants in rats. This finding offers an alternative therapeutic strategy for reducing capsular fibrosis and contracture after implant-based breast reconstruction.

Effect of propranolol on capsular reaction around silicone implants in guinea pigs

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of propranolol on capsular architecture around silicone implants by measuring the inflammation, capsular thickness, and collagen fiber density, using a guinea pig experimental model. METHODS: Thirty six adult male guinea pigs randomly divided into two groups (n=18) were used. Each one received a silicone implant with textured-surface. The capsular tissue around implants from untreated or treated animals with the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (10 mg/kg, dissolved in daily water) were analyzed for inflammation by histological scoring, capsular thickness by computerized histometry, and collagen fibers type I and Type III density by picrosirius polarization at different time points (7, 14 or 21 days after silicone implantation). RESULTS: Propranolol treatment reduced inflammation and impaired capsular thickness and delayed collagen maturation around the textured implant. CONCLUSION: Propranolol reduces the risk of developing capsular contracture around silicone implants with textured surface. .